Checklist of the Birds of the ABA Pacific Region

APTERYGIDAE (5 species)

Family endemic to NZ. Traditionally considered 3 species, Brown Kiwi, Little Spotted Kiwi, and Great Spotted Kiwi, but genetic studies indicate that Brown Kiwi may consist of as many as 5 species (Baker et al 1995, Herbert and Daugherty 2002, Burbidge et al 2003). All species are sedentary.
Apteryx mantelli North Island Brown Kiwi
Burbidge et al (2003) demonstrated that this taxon is specifically distinct from the next two. Birds on Little Barrier Island are genetically distinctive; further study is needed (Herbert and Daugherty 2002). Birds on Kapiti Island are of hybrid origin; genetic studies reveal alleles derived from North Island Brown and either Fiordland or Stewart Island Tokoeka (Herbert and Daugherty 2002).
Res NZ (NI 25,000, NZ Dept. Cons.; Little Barrier I 1000).
F: Aroha Island, north of Kerikeri, and Mt. Bledisloe neat Waitangi, flashlight after dark (Roberson); Ohakune (contact Kerry Oates); Trounson Kauri Park.
A. rowi Okarito Brown Kiwi (Rowi)
This species, epithet correctly spelled rowi, was formally described by Tennyson et al (2003).
Data in Baker et al (1995) indicate this population is probably specifically distinct, and more closely related to NI populations than to other SI populations. Burbidge et al (2003) and Worthy and Holdaway (2002) consider the Okarito population distinct at the species level.
Res NZ (Okarito 200, NZ Dept. Cons.).
F: This species occupies just 10 square km in the South Okarito Forest between the Okarito and Waiho Rivers in Westland National Park just north of Franz Josef (from http://www.terranature.org/kiwi2.htm).
A. australis Southern Brown Kiwi (Southern Tokoeka)
While allozyme studies in Baker et al (1995) support the OSNZ (1990) treatment, where lawryi of Stewart Island is considered subspecifically distinct, cytochrome b studies in the same paper are equivocal. Status of the Haast population is uncertain; more recent studies by Burbidge et al (2003) suggest that the three populations, Haast, Fiordland, and Stewart Island are distinct at least at the subspecific level. The Burbidge study (2003) indicated that there are two lineages within the Fiordland population, possibly distinct enough to be considered separate subspecies. Herbert and Daugherty (2002) showed that Haast birds are genetically highly distinctive, probably at the species level, whereas Fiordland and Stewart Island birds are genetically similar.
A. a. australis Res NZ (SI: Fiordland 5000 inds, NZ Dept. Cons.).
F: Clinton Valley, at north end of Lake Te Anau along Milford Track: kiwi (presumably brown kiwi) - heard often at night (Armitage).
A. a. lawryi Res NZ (Stewart I 25,000 inds, NZ Dept. Cons.).
F: Phillip Smith's Bravo Nature Tours takes Kiwi Trip to Ocean Beach on Stewart I; Mason Bay, Stewart I.
A. nov. sp. Haast Brown Kiwi (Haast Tokoeka)
The name A. fusca may be available for this taxon; the type of A. fusca was taken at Bruce Bay, somewhat north of the present range of Haast Tokoeka, but possibly within its original range; the genetic makeup of the type specimen apparently has not been studied.
Res NZ (SI: Haast 200-300 inds, NZ Dept. Cons.).
F: Most in Haast Range, also Olivine and Selbourne Ranges, Arawata, Waiatoto, Okuru, and Haast River Valleys. Haast Tokoeka Sanctuary is 11.4 sq km, 25 km south of Haast Township, between the Waiatoto and Arawhata rivers climbing from seabed to the top of the Haast Range.
A. owenii Little Spotted Kiwi
Extinct North Island form has been separated as iredalei (Dickinson 2003). See comments under A. haastii, below.
Res NZ 1500 inds (Kapiti I 1000, presumably native, Herbert and Daugherty 2002). Extirp NI, SI, D'Urville I; int Hen I 50, Red Mercury I 50, Tiritiri Matangi I 50+, Long I 10, including the 2 surviving D'Urville Island birds; reint Karori Sanctuary, Wellington.
F: Stay overnight Kapiti I. or Tiritiri Matangi I, where spotlight area around and below nursery.
A. haastii Great Spotted Kiwi
Sightings of birds that appear morphologically to be this species in South Westland are questionable; such a specimen taken in 1992 near Franz Josef was actually a hybrid of Rowi and possibly Little Spotted Kiwi (Robertson et al 2005). Intriguingly, however, Herbert and Daugherty (2002) raise the possibility that instead of Little Spotted Kiwi as a parent, the Franz Josef hybrid may have resulted from parental Rowi and West Coast Spotted Kiwi (A. occidentalis), the latter described by Rothschild as being bigger than A. owenii. Its type was taken in the Franz Josef area, but Herbert and Daugherty (2002) caution that occidentalis may itself have been a hybrid between Rowi and Little Spotted Kiwi.
Res NZ (SI 22,000 in 3 populations, McLennan and McCann 2002: extreme nw SI between Buller River and Golden Bay 12-13,000 inds; Paparoa Range 6300 inds; between Lake Sumner and Arthur's Pass Village, mostly south of the North Hurunui and Taramakau Rivers, 3000 inds). Reint (SI: Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project Area 5-10 prs, has bred). Extirpated rather recently from the area between Lake Kaniere and Arthur's Pass and northward east of Lake Brunner to the Victoria and Brunner Ranges. Original range may have extended as far south as the Karangarua River (McLennan and McCann 2002).
F: Try area around Mt Rolleston Lookout and Bridal Veil Falls at Arthur's Pass; Paparoa Ranges; Heaphy Track (esp Gouland Downs).

TINAMIDAE (1 species)
Nothoprocta perdicaria Chilean Tinamou
N. p. perdicaria Int Easter I (Long 1981).

ANATIDAE (71 species)

Taxonomy within this large family is somewhat unsettled, mainly relative to incomplete understanding of placement within sub-families and tribes. Taxonomy followed by AOU (1998) is used here, including that proposed by Livezey (1991) for the tribe Anatini, suface-feeding, or dabbling, ducks, with some modifications as indicated within species accounts. Subfamiles are Dendrocygninae Whistling-ducks, Anserinae Geese and Swans (including tribes Anserini True Geese and Cygnini Swans), Tadorninae Shelducks, and Anatinae True Ducks (including tribes Anatini Surface-feeding ducks, Aythyini Pochards, Mergini Sea-ducks and Mergansers, and Oxyurini Stiff-tailed ducks).
As discussed in Christidis and Boles (2008), Anas was found to be paraphyletic by Johnson and Sorenson (1999); three of the four lineages occur in the Pacific Region: Anas formosa Baikal Teal, the "blue-winged ducks", and the remaining species traditionally included in Anas.

Dendrocygninae:

Dendrocygna guttata Spotted Whistling-Duck
Acc Solomon Is (Bougainville, first reported 1999, may become resident at lakes near Mabiri, Hadden 2004a).
D. eytoni Plumed Whistling-Duck
Cas NZ (Mar-Jan NI and SI). Acc Solomon Is (Makira, Rennell, Dutson 2001).
D. bicolor Fulvous Whistling-Duck
Extirpated (natural introduction?) Hawaiian Is (formerly res Oahu, Kauai).
F: Hawaiian Is (Oahu: only one individual left, Pratt 2002).
D. arcuata Wandering Whistling-Duck
D. a. pygmaea Extirpated Fiji (Mayr and Diamond 2001).
D. a. australis? Cas New Caledonia (has bred, but no sightings since 1970s, Doughty).
D. autumnalis Black-bellied Whistling-Duck
Acc Cocos I (Montoya 2003), Galapagos Is.

Anserinae:

Anser anser Feral (Graylag) Goose
Listed here to account for feral populations in NZ (Heather and Robertson 1996) and Norfolk I (R. Clarke, Ewin).
Res NZ (SI), Chatham Is (Chatham, Pitt, Aikman and Miskelly 2004).
F: NZ (SI: Otago Harbor, farmland). Norfolk I (flock 30+ Kingston Common May "prob feral", R. Clarke).
A. fabalis Bean Goose
A. f. serrirostris Cas Ogasawara Is (Mukojima, Chichijima).
A. f. curtus This subspecies is intermediate between A. f. rossicus and A. f. serrirostris; its breeding range is unknown and its name no longer regarded as valid. Records from Japan are best synonomized with serrirostris (pers. comm. Joseph Morlan).
Acc Ogasawara Is (Mukojima, Brazil 1991).
A. albifrons Greater White-fronted Goose
A. a. frontalis Cas Nov-Mar Iwo Is, Nov-May Hawaiian Is. Acc Guadalupe I.
F: Hawaiian Is (Hawaii: Wailoa SP Mar, Lindsay).
A. indicus Bar-headed Goose
Acc Ogasawara Is (Chichijima).
A. caerulescens Snow Goose
A. c. caerulescens Cas Nov-Apr Hawaiian Is. Acc Marshall Is (Erikub, Amerson 1969).
A. canagica Emperor Goose
Cas Nov-Mar Hawaiian Is.
Branta bernicla Brant
B. b. nigricans Cas Nov-Apr Hawaiian Is, Guadalupe I.
B. hutchinsii Cackling Goose
AOU (2004) divided Canada Goose (old sense) into 2 species: Canada Goose (B. canadensis), including all forms except the small forms listed here in Cackling Goose (B. hutchinsii). Data for the Hawaiian Is below are from Engilis (HawaiiBirding 2000).
B. h. minima Cas Hawaiian Is (Oahu, Kauai, Hawaii).
B. h. hutchinsii Vis Nov-Mar Hawaiian Is.
F: Hawaiian Is (Hawaii: Wailoa SP Mar, Lindsay).
B. h. leucopareia Acc Hawaiian Is (Oahu mid-1980s; Jaramillo, post to HAWAIIBIRDING 2006). Two birds reported Marshall Is (Kwajalein) raised in captivity Aleutian Is (Pyle and Engbring 1985).
B. h. taverneri Vis Nov-Mar Hawaiian Is. Occurrence of this taxon in the Hawaiian Is has been questioned by Jaramillo in light of its distribution in North America and difficulty of identification relative to B. c. parvipes.
B. canadensis Canada Goose
B. c. occidentalis Acc Hawaiian Is.
B. c. parvipes Vis Nov-Mar Hawaiian Is.
F: Hawaiian Is (Hawaii: Wailoa SP Mar, Lindsay).
B. c. moffitti Vis Nov-Mar Hawaiian Is.
B. c. maxima This subspecies or B. c. canadensis (Angus Wilson).
Int NZ 50,000 inds. Acc Nov Snares Is (Miskelly et al 2001). The following records probably of birds derived from NZ: Lord Howe I (Feb-Apr, "evidently vagrants from NZ", McAllan et al 2004), New Caledonia (Oct; from NZ, Doughty 1999. McAllan et al 2004), Kermadec Is (Jun-Aug Raoul, Veitch et al 2004), Chatham Is, Auckland Is.
B. c subsp? Acc Kiribati (Tarawa).
B. sandvicensis Hawaiian Goose (Nene)
Res Hawaiian Is (Hawaii 1000 inds). Int Hawaiian Is (Maui 100 inds, Kauai).
F: Hawaiian Is (Maui: easiest at Haleakala Pk HQ; also Kilauea Crater, esp Waldron Ledge and Keanakakoi Crater, Pratt 1993; Kauai: Hanalei NWR, Lindsay).
Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose
Cas, possibly establishing locally as feral, NZ (NI, SI).
Cygnus olor Mute Swan
Int NZ 200 inds (NI, SI).
C. atratus Black Swan
Int NZ 60,000 inds, Chatham Is 3000-30,000 inds (Aikman and Miskelly 2004). Cas Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004), Norfolk I.
C. melanocoryphus Black-necked Swan
Cas Juan Fernandez Is (Madge and Burn 1988).
C. columbianus Tundra Swan
C. c. bewickii (incl jankowskyi ) Acc Iwo Is (Kitaiwojima); Hawaiian Is (Dec-Mar Molokai, NAB).
C. c. columbianus Acc Hawaiian Is (Jan-Mar Kauai, NAB).
C. c. subsp? Acc Hawaiian Is (Midway I).
C. cygnus Whooper Swan
Acc Ogasawara Is (Chichijima).

Tadorninae:

Tadorna tadornoides Australian (Chestnut-breasted) Shelduck
Res NZ (mostly ne SI 20 inds). Acc Nov Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004), Aug-Dec Norfolk I, Kermadec Is (Mar-Aug Raoul I, Veitch et al 2004), Dec Chatham Is (Pitt I, Miskelly et al 2006), Apr Auckland Is, Dec-Feb Campbell I, Nov-Dec Snares Is.
T. variegata Paradise Shelduck
Res NZ 120,000 inds. Cas Chatham Is (Miskelly et al 2006). Acc Mar-Aug 1950 Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004), Kermadec Is (Oct Raoul, Veitch et al 2004).

Anatinae:

Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck
Acc Ogasawara Is (Hahajima).
Chenonetta jubata Maned Duck
Cas NZ (NI, SI). Acc Sep-Oct Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004; report Mar 1995 withdrawn), Snares Is (one bird 1982-86, Miskelly et al 2001).
Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus Blue Duck
While generally included in Anatinae (see HANZAB), Livezey (1986) considered this species and the next "unusual members" of the Tadorninae.
H. m. malacorhynchus Res NZ (SI 3000 inds).
H. m. hymenolaimus Res NZ (NI 1000 inds).
Malacorhyncus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck
Acc NZ (Jun NI).
Anas strepera Gadwall
This species and the next 3 were considered distinct from the remaining members of Anas based on plumage and structural characters and assigned to the genus Mareca by Livezey (1991), although Johnson and Sorenson (1999) included these taxa in Anas, within which they were the first group to diverge (Christidis and Boles 2008).
A. s. strepera Vis Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is. Cas Ogasawara Is (Mukojima), Mariana Is (Tinian, Saipan, Reichel and Glass 1991, Pyle and Engbring 1985). A report from Marshall Is (Kwajalein) considered incorrect (Pyle and Engbring 1985), but listed by Spennemann and Benjamin (2004).
A. s. couesi Res formerly Kiribati (Teraina; this island, formerly Washington I, rather than Tabuaeran, formerly Fanning I, as discussed by Weller 1980).
A. falcata Falcated Duck
Acc Mariana Is (Saipan, Reichel and Glass 1991), Hawaiian Is (Oct Midway I, Pyle 2002).
Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon
Vis Oct-Apr Ogasawara Is, Iwo Is, Mariana Is, Palau, Caroline Is (Yap, Truk), Hawaiian Is. Cas Marshall Is (Jaluit, Amerson 1969), Palmyra I. Acc Clipperton I.
F: Hawaiian Is (Midway I: 3 at Sand I Apr 1995, Vandenberg). Mariana Is (Saipan: 5 at water tank Div Fish and Wildlife, Gorapan, Feb, S. Smith).
A. americana American Wigeon
Vis Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is. Cas Mariana Is (Guam, Reichel and Glass 1991; Oct Saipan, R. David). Acc Palmyra I, Clipperton I.
A. platyrhynchos Mallard
This species and the next 4 (the "mallards") are distinct from but share a clade with the "blue-winged ducks"; this shared clade was considered a sister clade to the remainder of Anas (Livezey 1991). However Johnson and Sorenson (1999) separated the "blue-winged ducks" as a clade within Anas; the "mallards" belonged to a different clade within Anas.
Res (feral?) Hawaiian Is. Int New Caledonia early 1970s now prob extirpated (Doughty et al 1999), although Barre and Dutson (2000) note its presence and hybridization with A. superciliosa, and one banded in NZ (Opuatia autumn 2004) recovered in Noumea 2 months later (Lawrie); NZ 3,000,000 inds; self-int prob from NZ to the following: Norfolk I, Lord Howe I (since 1963, McAllan et al 2004), Chatham Is (since 1950 Chatham, Pitt, Rangatira, Aikman and Miskelly 2004), Antipodes Is, Snares Is 10 prs, Auckland Is, Campbell I, Macquarie I (<100 prs). Vis Nov-Mar Iwo Is, Ogasawara Is. Cas, most poss feral, Mariana Is (Sarigan, nominate migratory form, Pyle and Engbring 1985; Pagan, Reichel and Glass 1991), Caroline Is (Yap), Marshall Is (Kwajalein, Amerson 1969), Kiribati (Gilbert Is: Tarawa, Amerson 1969), Cook Is (Penrhyn, Pukapuka, Suwarrow, Holyoak 1980), Kermadec Is (Veitch et al 2004). Prob some north-south movement at Norfolk I based on banding recoveries (Hermes et al 1986); birds banded at Norfolk I and NZ recovered New Caledonia (Barre and Dutson 2000; Lawrie), Vanuatu (Tanna, McAllan et al 2004). Acc Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Fiji (Penhallurick 2003), Guadalupe I.
A. wyvilliana Koloa (Hawaiian Duck)
Res Hawaiian Is 2500 inds (Kauai 2000 inds. Reint Oahu 300 inds, Hawaii 200 inds, Maui 5-7 inds, Penhallurick 2003; reint birds mostly interbreeding with Mallard, Pratt 2002).
F: Hawaiian Is (Kauai: common, esp Hanalei NWR, Pratt 1993).
A. laysanensis Laysan Duck
Res Hawaiian Is (Laysan I 500 inds; int 2004 and 2005 Midway Is (Sand I 45 inds; pop 200+ fall 2007).
A. superciliosa Pacific Black Duck
Hybridizes extensively NZ, Norfolk I (Langfield, Ewin), and Lord Howe I with Mallard A. platyrhynchos, although some evidence from NZ suggests decreased survivability and reproductive success of hybrids. A. oustaleti Marianas Duck, formerly occurring Mariana Is (Guam, Saipan, Tinian), now extinct, was probably a stabilized hybrid swarm of superciliosa and platyrhynchos, as it was highly variable phenotypically (Yamashina, in Baker 1951, Reichel and Glass 1991).
A. s. pelewensis Res Palau (Babeldaob, Peleliu, Angaur, extirp Koror; now very rare, Engbring 1988, Pratt et al 1980), Caroline Is (Truk, hypo Yap, Pyle and Engbring 1985), Solomon Is (throughout, but extirp Rennell? Filardi et al 1999), Vanuatu, New Caledonia (Grande Terre,Loyalty Is), Fiji, Samoa (Savaii, Upolu, Tutuila 35 inds; uncommon, Tarburton 2001), Tonga (incl Niuafoou, Rinke 1986), Wallis and Futuna, Cook Is (Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke, Mangaia, extirp Rarotonga, extirp Aitutaki, Holyoak 1980), Society Is (Tahiti, Moorea, Maiao, Penhallurick 2003), Tubuai Is (Rapa, Tubuai, Raivavae, Penhallurick 2003). Vis Niue.
F: Palau (one Babeldaob Lake, Klauber), Cook Is (Aitutaki: 11 seen Sep, Child 1981). Solomon Is (Santa Isabel: common Garanga R, Kratter et al 2001; Florida Is: Mana I, Talbot).
A. s. superciliosa Res NZ 500,000 inds (NI, SI, Stewart I), Chatham Is (Chatham, Pitt, ?Rangatira, threatened through hybridization with Mallard, Aikman and Miskelly 2004), Snares Is (replaced by hybrids and Mallards by 2000; Miskelly et al 2001), Auckland Is, Antipodes Is, Campbell I, Macquarie I (<100 prs).
A. s. subsp? Res Kermadec Is (<50 prs, Veitch et al 2004), Lord Howe I (Hutton 1991). Cas Norfolk I.
F: Norfolk I (2 at Kingston were the only pure birds seen, Duranti; 3 Chapel Swamp May, R. Clarke; all seen were hybrids, Ewin).
A. zonorhyncha Chinese Spot-billed Duck
Livezey (1991) considers zonorhyncha specifically distinct from A. poecilorhyncha Indian Spot-billed Duck.
Acc Ogasawara Is (Mukojima), Mariana Is (Guam, Reichel and Glass 1991).
A. discors Blue-winged Teal
This species and the next 3 comprise the "Blue-winged ducks"; A. querquedula Garganey may be closer to A. crecca and A. carolinensis than to A. discors and A. cyanoptera (Livezey 1991), and is placed there in this list.
Vis Oct-Apr (most) Galapagos Is, Oct-Mar (most) Hawaiian Is (Pratt 2002). Acc Guadalupe I, Revillagigedo Is, Clipperton I, Cocos I (Montoya 2003).
F: Hawaiian Is (Kauai: 4 at Hanalei NWR Mar, Lindsay).
A. cyanoptera Cinnamon Teal
Cas Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is. Acc Guadalupe I, Clipperton I.
A. clypeata Northern Shoveler
Vis Oct-Apr Mariana Is, Caroline Is (Yap- Wiles et al 2000, Pohnpei, Kosrae), Wake I, Marshall Is (Kwajalein, Amerson 1969), Hawaiian Is, Kiribati (Gilbert Is: Makin, Tarawa, Amerson 1969; Line Is, Phoenix Is). Cas Mar-Aug NZ (NI,SI), Tuamotu Is. Acc Ogasawara Is (Mukojima), Guadalupe I, Clipperton I.
A. rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler
A. r. variegata Res NZ 100,000-150,000 inds (NI, SI; cas Stewart I), Chatham Is (Miskelly et al 2006), Auckland Is. Acc May Snares Is (Miskelly et al 2001).
A. r. subsp? (listed as A. r. rhyncotis by Barre and Dutson 2000) Acc New Caledonia (from NZ? Doughty 1999).
A. chlorotis Brown Teal
This species and the next 5, the "Australasian Teal", were discussed by Kennedy and Spencer (2000), who suggested that A. gracilis and A. castanea are sister species sharing a common ancestor with the NZ species, the latter occupying the NZ region prior to divergence of castanea and gracilis. Analysis of genetic variation supports specific status of this and the next 2 species (Daugherty et al 1999; Kennedy and Spencer 2000).
Res NZ (Great Barrier I 700 inds, NI 300 inds including a few on Little Barrier I and Great Mercury I, SI <50 inds, extirpated Stewart I. Small reint populations Kapiti I, Manawatu-Horowhenua area, Tiritiri Matangi I. About 200 in captivity). Acc New Caledonia (2 records; possible escapes? Barre and Dutson 2000).
A. aucklandica Auckland Island Teal
Res Auckland Is 2000 inds.
A. nesiotis Campbell Island Teal
Res Campbell Is (Dent I) 30 inds; captive breeding started Mt Bruce 1984 and ended 2007; captive-bred birds reintroduced rat-cleared Campbell Island 2004+ (150+ inds; breeding by 2006). Int NZ (SI: Codfish I 1999+, last 10 birds 2007, where currently breeding).
A. nov. sp. Macquarie Island Teal
Extinct. Res formerly Macquarie I (Holdaway et al 2001).
A. gracilis Grey Teal
Formerly considered part of A. gibberifrons, but see Christidis and Boles (1994). Mayr (1945) considered New Caledonian birds separable as mathewsi, but recent authors include these birds in gracilis.
A. g. remissa Extinct. Res formerly Solomon Is (Rennell).
A. g. gracilis Res NZ 50,000 inds, New Caledonia (Barre and Dutson 2000). Cas Chatham Is (Miskelly et al 2006), Vanuatu, Lord Howe I (May and Aug McAllan et al 2004; Mar-May, Mustoe). Acc Nov Snares Is, Oct (R. Clarke) and Apr Macquarie I.
F: New Caledonia (common, Barre and Dutson 2000).
A. g. subsp? Res Solomon Is (Rennell: small population w end L Tenggano, Doughty 1999).
A. castanea Chestnut Teal
Cas Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004), NZ (NI, SI).
A. acuta Northern Pintail
Baker (1951) indicated that winter visitors to Micronesia were from Asia, and belonged to the subspecies A. a. acuta, whereas the North American subspecies A. a. tzitzihoa, along with other American species, had been noted in the Marshall Is Oct 1899 and May 1900; the latter subsp occurs regularly in the Hawaiian Is in winter. These subspecies are not currently recognized, however. Palmer (1976) cites several banding recs indicating movement between North America and east Asia.
Vis mostly Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is, Wake I, Marshall Is (Taongi, Kwajalein, Jaluit, Amerson 1969), Mariana Is, Palau, Caroline Is (Truk, Yap- Wiles et al 2000). Cas Iwo Is, Kiribati (Line Is), Tonga, Cook Is (Penrhyn Nov, banded California, Holyoak 1980), Society Is, Marquesas Is. Acc Solomon Is (Mar-Apr Bougainville, Hadden 2004a), Guadalupe I, Clipperton I.
F: Palau (Peleliu: 13 on small pool north end, Talbot).
A. bahamensis White-cheeked Pintail
A. b. galapagensis Res Galapagos Is 2000 prs (Penhallurick 2003).
F: Galapagos Is (130 at 3 locations, Puerto Villamil on Isabela, Rabida I, and Lago Junco on Santa Cruz, Chartier).
A. crecca Common Teal
This species and the next 3 comprise a monophyletic clade (Livezey 1991). This and the next are considered conspecific by AOU (1998), but the evidence for either position is equivocal.
Vis Oct-Mar Mariana Is, Palau, Caroline Is (Yap, Clements 2003), Marshall Is, Kiribati (Line Is). Cas Ogasawara Is, Iwo Is. Acc Hawaiian Is (Midway I, Oahu).
A. carolinensis Green-winged Teal
Vis Oct-Mar Hawaiian Is. Acc Marshall Is (Jaluit; Baker 1951; this taxon? Kwajalein, Amerson 1969).
A. formosa Baikal Teal
Acc Ogasawara Is (Chichijima), Hawaiian Is (Dec Kauai).
A. querquedula Garganey
Livezey (1991) considered this species to be closest to the "green-winged teal", including A. formosa
Vis Palau, Mariana Is (Apr Tinian, Guam, Saipan, Reichel and Glass 1991). Cas Ogasawara Is (winter Chichijima), Hawaiian Is. Hypo Wake I (Pyle and Engbring 1985).
Aythya ferina Common Pochard
Cas Mariana Is (Guam, Saipan, Reichel and Glass 1991). Acc Hawaiian Is (Midway Is).
A. valisineria Canvasback
Cas Hawaiian Is, Oct-May Marshall Is. Acc Clipperton I.
A. americana Redhead
Cas Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is.
A. collaris Ring-necked Duck
Cas Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is. Acc Clipperton I.
A. australis Hardhead
A. a. australis Irruptive (breeds?) Solomon Is, New Caledonia (Barre and Bachy 2003). Extirpated NZ. Cas Norfolk I, NZ (Apr-May and Oct-Dec NI, SI). Acc Mar Lord Howe I (Colbourne), Aug-Sep Snares Is (Miskelly et al 2001).
A. a. extima This subspecies based on smaller birds of Vanuatu, incl Banks Is (Mayr 1945); measurements appear to be within those of australis, however, and so subspecific status is questionable (HANZAB).
Res Vanuatu (Banks Is, Santo, Aore, Malo, Ambae, Efate, Erromamdo, Tanna; Bregulla 1992). A. fuligula Tufted Duck
Vis Oct-Apr Ogasawara Is, Palau, Caroline Is (Yap), Mariana Is. Cas Marshall Is (Kwajalein, Amerson 1969), Hawaiian Is (Nov Midway Is).
F: Palau (Peleliu: 8 on small pool n end, Dec, Talbot). Caroline Is (Yap: 9 on main reservoir, Feb, S. Smith; drake Reservoir Lake, Apr, Klauber).
A. novaeseelandiae New Zealand Scaup
Res 20,000 inds NZ (NI, SI).
A. marila Greater Scaup
A. m. nearctica For use of nearctica rather than mariloides, see Dickinson (2003).
Cas Ogasawara Is, Mariana Is (Saipan, Reichel and Glass 1991), Caroline Is (Yap, Watson), Hawaiian Is.
A. affinis Lesser Scaup
Vis Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is. Acc Clipperton I.
F: Hawaiian Is (Hawaii: Wailoa SP Mar, Lindsay).
Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck
Cas Hawaiian Is (Nov-Dec Midway I, Laysan I, Oahu).
Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck
Acc Hawaiian Is (Midway I, Oahu).
Melanitta nigra Black Scoter
M. n. americana Acc Hawaiian Is (Midway I).
M. perspicillata Surf Scoter
Acc Hawaiian Is (Oahu), Mariana Is (Jan Guam, Wiles et al 2000).
Bucephala albeola Bufflehead
Cas Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is.
F: Hawaiian Is (Kauai: 2 at Hanalei NWR Mar, Lindsay).
B. clangula Common Goldeneye
B. c. subsp.? Acc Hawaiian Is (Scott et al 2001).
B. islandica Barrow's Goldeneye
Acc Hawaiian Is (Jan-Feb Kauai, Pyle 2002).
Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser
Cas Hawaiian Is.
Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser
Cas Hawaiian Is. Acc Ogasawara Is (Chichijima), Guadalupe I.
M. merganser Common Merganser
M. m. americanus Cas Hawaiian Is.
M. australis Auckland Island Merganser
Extinct. Res formerly Auckland Is.
Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck
The continental N. American subspecies rubida is now generally synonymized with West Indian jamaicensis; however more study is needed (see Palmer 1976).
O. j. jamaicensis Cas Hawaiian Is.