TURNICIDAE (2 species)

Turnix maculosus Red-backed Buttonquail
David and Gosselin (2002b) established that Turnix is masculine.
T. m. salamonis Res Solomon Is (Guadalcanal).
F: May be threatened by habitat loss (Madge and McGowan 2002).
T. varius Painted Buttonquail
T. v. novaecaledoniae Extinct? Res New Caledonia.
F: Very rare and localized; Nepoui, Mueo, Touho, Barre and Dutson 2000; not found 1998, but most likely in open grassy Melaleuca woodland or sclerophyll forest, Ekstrom et al 2002).


GLAREOLIDAE (3 species)


Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole
Acc Jan Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004, Hutton 1991).
Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole
Vis Sep-May Palau, Mariana Is (Guam, Rota, Saipan, Wiles et al 2000), Caroline Is (Yap, Truk). Cas Marshall Is, Solomon Is (Apr-Sep Bougainville, Hadden 2004a; Jun Buka, Hadden 2004a), New Caledonia, Apr Lord Howe I (2 recs, McAllan et al 2004), NZ (Nov-May NI,SI, Stewart I). Acc Iwo Is (Kitaiwojima), May Norfolk I (Moore 1999), Kermadec Is (May Raoul, Veitch et al 2004).
G. lactea Small Pratincole
Hypo Mariana Is (Guam, Pyle and Engbring 1985). This report and another from Saipan are considered incorrect (Reichel and Glass 1991).


STERCORARIIDAE (6 species)

This family is often merged with Laridae.

Catharacta antarctica Brown Skua
Mitochondrial cytochrome b studies (see Olsen and Larsson 1997) indicate that n and s hemisphere Catharacta separated prior to differentiation of the latter into the 3 generally-recognized taxa, hamiltoni, antarctica, and lonnbergi. Thus it seems justified to consider n and s hemisphere populations specifically distinct; timing of breeding and molt would indicate continuing divergence between n and s hemisphere populations. It has been suggested that hamiltoni and antarctica be treated as subspecies of a species distinct from lonnbergi; the distinctive population of the Kerguelen Is (currently included in lonnbergi) may also be a discernible taxon (see Olsen and Larsson 1997).
C. a. lonnbergi Breeds NZ pop fewer than 2000 inds (SI 3 prs, Solander Is 2+ prs, Stewart I 20 prs), Chatham Is 260 inds (breeds throughout except Chatham, Aikman and Miskelly 2004), Snares Is 300+ inds (Miskelly et al 2001), Antipodes Is 50-100 prs (Tennyson et al 2002), Auckland Is 100 prs, Campbell I 100 prs, Macquarie I 550 prs. Eggs Sep-Dec. At sea Mar-Nov n to 35S, occ 26S (Jenkins, in HANZAB). Acc Norfolk I.
C. chilensis Chilean Skua
At sea off S. America n to 5S (>200 miles?).
Stercorarius maccormicki South Polar Skua
For placement in this genus, see AOU (2002).
At sea clockwise movement: Jan-Jun NZ area (incl Feb Campbell I, Apr off S Australia), May-Jul w Pacific incl Japan, Solomon Is, Jul (ads) and e Pacific mostly May-Jun and Sep-Oct (juvs/imms) off California (McGrath and Feenstra 2005) and Mexico, Aug-Jan NZ area (incl Aug Kermadec Is, late 1993 spec Norfolk I Moore 1999, Dec Solomon Is, Aug and Nov New Caledonia, Barre and Dutson 2000). Cas c Pacific Hawaiian Is (2 in Sep, 5 total in period Aug-Nov Hawaiian Is EEZ, M. Force), Marshall Is (listed as C. skua, Great Skua, but likely this sp., Spennemann and Benjamin 2004), Kiribati (Line Is, Phoenix Is), Dec Tonga, Samoa, Jan Fiji. Acc (this sp?) Galapagos Is.
F: Chatham Is (pale morph followed boat Chatham Rise Nov, Petyt 2001a).
S. pomarinus Pomarine Jaeger
Relationships and genetic history of this species are unresolved; see summary of hypotheses in Christidis and Boles (2008).
At sea migrates Apr-May and Sep-Nov e and w Pacific, incl Nov Revillagigedo Is (Jehl and Parkes 1982), Cocos I (Montoya 2003); Sep-May sw Pacific incl Solomon Is (Dutson 2001, Hadden 2004a) incl Green Is ( "spr/aut" Tarburton 2006); Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tasman Sea incl Norfolk I s and e to NZ (NI, fewer SI), Fiji, Hawaiian Is (movement Apr-Jun c Pacific, also Sep- 7 in Hawaiian Is EEZ in period Aug-Nov, M. Force), Kiribati (Phoenix Is, Line Is), and off c and s South America. From Declan Troy (2004): Transmittered 4 birds Barrow, Alaska (71°N) . All the birds remained near their nest sites into September then exploded away from Barrow. The birds dispersed widely to the extent that during much of the fall there was an individual in each quartisphere of the globe (all in the Pacific Ocean). The migration of one individual is illustrated. This bird quickly crossed into the eastern hemisphere and remained in Russian waters until reaching Japan. It loitered around eastern Japan until mid-November then proceeded rather directly south though the Solomon Islands to Australia. This individual made a U-turn around 35°S (south of Sydney) and back-tracked north off the Australian coast. The reversal in direction was thought to be a local movement rather than the start of spring migration but this will remain unknown as contact with this individual was lost in February 2007. Cas Nov-Dec Chatham Is (Miskelly et al 2006). Hypo Caroline Is (Truk, Pyle and Engbring 1985).
F: 5 near (west of) Fiji Nov (Myers et al).
S. parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger
At sea e and w Pacific mostly Aug-Nov and Mar-May; Aug-May NZ n to Solomon Is (Dutson 2001; M. Carter) incl Green Is ("spr/aut" Tarburton 2006), New Caledonia (Oct-Nov, Barre and Dutson 2000), Norfolk I, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, off coast of S. America, incl Cocos I (Montoya 2003). Cas Ogasawara Is, Iwo Is, Sep-Nov and Apr Hawaiian Is (R. Pyle HIBIRDS; 9 in Hawaiian Is EEZ Aug-Nov, M. Force).
S. longicaudus Long-tailed Jaeger
S. l. pallescens At sea e and wc Pacific incl Ogasawara Is and Iwo Is Aug-Nov and Mar-May (May off Japan); Sep-May off S. America, nw Pacific (HANZAB), Tasman Sea e to NZ (NI), incl Solomon Is (Dutson 2001, Hadden 2004a) incl Green Is ("spt/aut" Tarburton 2006), Mar and Apr Lord Howe I (2 recs, McAllan et al 2004). Prob winters further s in s Pacific than other Stercorarius, at 40-50S, some to 70S (Shirihai 2002). Cas Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Sep Palau, Feb and Nov Fiji (one just west of Fiji Nov, Myers et al 2004), Hawaiian Is (Scott et al 2001; 7 in period Aug-Nov Hawaiian Is EEZ Aug-Nov, M. Force; one in May, R. Baird).