COLUMBIDAE (76 species)

Recent studies (Shapiro et al 2002, Christidis and Boles 2008) indicate that Caloenas and Didunculus are linked to a clade containing the extinct Raphus and Pezophaps; these genera are generally included in the subfamily Raphinae (Christidis and Boles 2008).

Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon
C. n. pelewensis Res 1000 inds Palau.
F: Palau (on remoter islands, Gibbs et al 2001; most on limestone islands s of Koror, uncommon, Engbring 1988; Peleliu: 6 over main north-south track dusk, Talbot; from Bloody Nose Ridge Tower, Klauber; Rock Is: Long Lake, Watson).
C. n. nicobarica Res Solomon Is incl Nissan (no records since 1970, Hadden 2004b) and Nuguria (breeding? Tarburton 2006), Bougainville, Buka (Gregory), but not Makira.
F: Solomon Is (Buka: 2, Gregory; Kolombangara: one, Hornbuckle; New Georgia: Uepi, Talbot; Rennell: not found, poss extirp- no recs since 1930, Filardi et al 1999).
Didunculus strigirostris Tooth-billed Pigeon
Res <2500 inds (Watling 2001) Samoa (Upolu, Savaii).
F: Samoa (Savaii and Upolu: found in virgin forest 1000-4500 ft, usually sitting on large limbs near tree trunk, not on ground. No immediate danger of extinction as long as forests remain intact. Seen in original forests, often near towns, but not in cut-over areas anywhere, duPont 1972; associated with trees of Dysoxylum family; always call from tops of trees, Beichle 1991. Savaii: one seen perched on branch 45 ft up in tree, known by locals in area below Mt Silisili forest; one poss seen on track up Mt Silisili, Reed 1980; heard occasionally upland, only in lower forest tiers, Bellingham and Davis 1988. Upolu: one seen along cross-island road past Tiavi Falls, Dhondt 1976; seen recently upland, Bellingham and Davis 1988. Nuutele: two in mid-elevation forest, fruiting Dysoxylum present, Freifeld et al 2001. Mostly on Savaii, but recently east and central Upolu; on Aopo track to ash section of old lava field high on Mt Silisili, Tarburton 2001).
Columba livia Rock Pigeon
Int Mariana Is (Guam, Rota, Tinian, Saipan, extirp Pagan, Reichel and Glass 1991), Hawaiian Is (SE Is; cas NW Is, extirpated Midway, Pyle and Pyle 2009), Caroline Is (Pohnpei, Truk, Kosrae), Marshall Is (Ebon, Jaluit, Spenneman and Benjamin 2004; Majuro, Trevor), Nauru (since 1990s, Buden 2008), Vanuatu (Santo, Ewin 2004); Fiji (most large towns), Marquesas Is (Ua Huka), Society Is (Borabora, Moorea, Raiatea, Tahiti), Tuamotu Arch (Makatea, Mangareva), Samoa (Savaii, Upolu, McAllan and Hobcroft 2005), Cook Is (?Palmerston, Holyoak 1980), Norfolk I, Lord Howe I (rare; McAllan et al 2004), NZ (NI, SI, Stewart I), Guadalupe I, Revillagigedo Is, Juan Fernandez Is, Easter I, Galapagos Is (around human habitation, Swash and Still 2005). Cas? Chatham Is (Miskelly et al 2006). Acc Nov Antipodes Is (Tennyson et al 2002), Cocos I (Montoya 2003).
F: Vanuatu (Santo: around markets Luganville, Ewin); Norfolk I: surprisingly common 2005 (Ewin). Samoa: usually on large man-made structures like churches, McAllan and Hobcroft 2005), Galapagos Is (towns throughout, Chartier).
C. janthina Japanese Wood-Pigeon
C. j. nitens Res Ogasawara Is (Chichijima, 50 inds, Yamaoka 2007, Japan Times); Formerly res Iwo Is (Gibbs et al 2001).
C. j. janthina Res s Izu Is (Torishima).
C. versicolor Bonin Wood-Pigeon
Extinct. Formerly res Ogasawara Is.
C. vitiensis Metallic (White-throated) Pigeon
C. v. halmaheira Res Solomon Is incl Bougainville (except Choiseul, Rennell, Bellona).
F: Solomon Is (Kolombangara: fairly common around Camp Professor, Richards; Bougainville: rare, Gibbs et al 2001; Makira: common, Gibbs et al 2001).
C. v. leopoldi Res Vanuatu.
F: Santo: heard but not seen Loru area (Ewin).
C. v. hypoenochroa Res New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is: Lifou, Ouvea).
F: New Caledonia (PTRB, Quested; fairly common Mt Koghis, Ponerihouen, T. Clarke).
C. v. vitiensis Res Fiji.
F: Fiji (Kadavu: present, Lonsdale; Viti Levu: 2 Nausori Highlands, Myers; 6 Nausori Hglds, Sargeant 1992; common Nausori Hglds, w Vunisea, T. Clarke).
C. v. castaneiceps Res Samoa (Upolu, Savaii).
F: Samoa (Savaii: all altitudes, Reed 1980).
C. v. godmanae Extinct. Formerly res Lord Howe I.
C. pallidiceps Yellow-legged Pigeon
Res Solomon Is (Bougainville, Choiseul, Florida Is, Makira, Guadalcanal, Ramos I off Santa Isabel, Gower I off Ndai I).
F: Solomon Is (Makira: one above Hauta, Richards; rare, perhaps locally or seasonally frequent, Gibbs et al 2001; 1-2 Hauta on 2 days, Hornbuckle. Bougainville: not seen in 70+ years, Hadden 2004a).
Streptopelia roseogrisea Barbary (African Collared-) Dove
Established populations generally referred to as "Barbary Dove" are probably domesticated forms of S. roseogrisea; some authors use S. risoria, however (Christidis and Boles 2008).
Int NZ (NI, Heather and Robinson 1996).
S. orientalis Rufous Turtle-Dove
S. o. orientalis Res s Izu Is (Torishima). Acc Iwo Is (Kitaiwojima).
S. chinensis Spotted Dove
S. c. tigrina Int New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Barre and Dutson 2000), Fiji (most islands but not Kadavu, Watling 2001), NZ (NI). Acc Apr Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004).
F: New Caledonia (everywhere, Quested). Fiji (Viti Levu: common, Myers; Taveuni: present, Levine).
S. c. chinensis Int Hawaiian Is (SE Is, Pyle and Pyle 2009).
S. c. subsp? Acc Apr Lord Howe I.
S. bitorquata Philippine Turtle-Dove
S. b. dusumieri Int Mariana Is (Guam to Saipan, poss Medinilla, Reichel and Glass 1991).
F: Mariana Is (Saipan, Rota, Tinian: up to 10 daily forested areas, Talbot, S. Smith; common Guam, Klauber).
Macropygia mackinlayi Mackinlay's Cuckoo-Dove
M. m. troughtoni (sometimes included in mackinlayi) Res Solomon Is (Santa Cruz Is, Mayr 1945).
M. m. arossi Res Solomon Is incl Nissan (Tarburton 2006), but not Santa Cruz Is.
F: Solomon Is (common Nissan, Hadden 2004b; fairly common, seen all islands except Makira, Richards).
M. m. mackinlayi Res Vanuatu.
F: Santo: Champagne Beach and Loru Area (Ewin).
Reinwardtoena crassirostris Crested Long-tailed Pigeon
Res Solomon Is except Rennell and Santa Cruz Is.
F: Solomon Is (Makira: 3, Richards; more frequent Choiseul and Makira, Gibbs et al 2001).
Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove
These two taxa may be specifically distinct (as C. chrysochlora) from C. indica (Christidis and Boles 2008).
C. i. chrysochlora (rogersi sometimes used for this taxon) Res New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Ile de Pins, Barre and Dutson 2000), Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004), Norfolk I.
F: New Caledonia (PTRB, Quested, T. Clarke; 2 PTRB, Fairbank). Lord Howe I (common, Quested). Norfolk I (13 Rocky Point, Botanic Gardens, Duranti; moderately common, Hobcroft).
C. i. sandwichensis Res Solomon Is (Santa Cruz Is), New Caledonia (Loyalty Is, Barre and Dutson 2000), Vanuatu, incl Banks Is.
F: Vanuatu (common Santo and Efate, Ewin); Loyalty Is (Lifou: present, T. Clarke; common, Barre and Dutson 2000).
C. stephani Brown-backed (Stephan's) Dove
C. s. mortoni Res Solomon Is incl Nissan (Tarburton 2006), but not Rennell and Santa Cruz Is.
F: Solomon Is (Guadalcanal: 2, Richards; 2 singles Mt Austen, Hornbuckle; Makira: 2, Richards; Santa Isabel: unc Garanga R, Kratter et al 2001).
Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing
P. e. subsp? Acc Oct Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004, Hutton 1991; ?"seems extraordinary", HANZAB).
Geopelia striata Zebra Dove
The 6 subspecies are usually separated into 3 groups which have been more recently treated as species (Gibbs et al 2001): monotypic G. maugeus Barred Dove, monotypic G. striata Zebra Dove, and polytypic G. placida Peaceful Dove. This is followed here.
Int Hawaiian Is (SE Is, Pyle and Pyle 2009), New Caledonia (Grande Terre, established? Barre and Dutson 2000), Society Is (Tahiti), Marquesas Is (Hiva Oa, Chester et al 1998). Acc Lord Howe I (Hutton 1991).
F: Marquesas Is (Hiva Oa: numerous at Atuona, Chester et al 1998).
Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove
Genetic relationships within this genus were studied by Johnson and Clayton (2000), and support the specific status of this and the following 4 taxa.
Z. m. clarionensis Res Revillagigedo Is (Clarion I).
Z. m. marginella Res (this subsp: Jehl and Parkes 1982) after 1971 Revillagigedo Is (Socorro I, Gibbs et al 2001). Acc Revillagigedo Is (Apr San Benedicto, Jehl and Parkes 1982).
Z. m. subsp? Res Guadalupe I. Int Hawaiian Is (Hawaii 500-1500 inds 1974; cas, probably self-establishing, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Kauai, Kahoolawe, Pyle and Pyle 2009). Acc Clipperton I.
F: Hawaiian Is (Hawaii: easiest Kawaihae Puu Lani Ranch Subdiv and along Waikoloa Rd, Pratt 1993. Maui: Feb 2003 near Waikapu, Starr).
Z. graysoni Socorro Dove
Extirpated Revillagigedo Is (Socorro I). Extant in captivity only.
Z. galapagoensis Galapagos Dove
Z. g. galapagoensis Res Galapagos Is except Culpepper and Wenman.
F: Galapagos Is (32 Rabida, Santiago, Floreana, Espanola, Santa Cruz, Chartier).
Z. g. exsul Res Galapagos Is (Culpepper, Wenman).
Z. asiatica White-winged Dove
Z. a. mearnsi? Acc Guadalupe I.
Z. auriculata Eared Dove
Z. a. subsp? Acc Galapagos Is.
Columbina passerina Common Ground-Dove
C. p. socorroensis Res Revillagigedo Is (Socorro I). Acc (this subsp.?) Revillagigedos Is (Clarion, Wanless et al 2009).
Gallicolumba jobiensis White-breasted Ground-Pigeon
Although based on a single specimen, the distinctive female plumage (Mayr and Diamond 2001) suggests G. j. chalconota may warrant specific status.
G. j. chalconota Res Solomon Is (Vella Lavella, Ghizo, Guadalcanal, Makira).
F: Solomon Is (exceedingly rare, no recent recs, Gibbs et al 2001).
G. kubaryi Caroline Islands Ground-Dove
Res Caroline Is fewer than 1000 (Truk, Pohnpei).
F: Caroline Is (Truk: very scarce, Gibbs et al 2001; 1 over Japanese Gun Weno, 2-3 Mt Winipot Tol South, Talbot, S. Smith; Pohnpei: mainly in mangroves, Gibbs et al 2001).
G. erythroptera Polynesian Ground-Dove
Limited specimens suggest possibility of at least 2 subspecies (Gibbs et al 2001).
Res Tuamotu Arch (Rangiroa, Maturei-Vavao, Gibbs et al 2001, Tenararo, Morane 12 inds, Forest and Bird Aug 2005; extirp remainder Tuamotu Arch). Extirpated Society Is (Tahiti, Moorea). Said to have been introduced to Kiribati (Gilbert Is: Abemama, Amerson 1969) from Nauru, but almost certainly another species or hybrid population based on description given by Child (1960) .
G. xanthonura White-throated Ground-Dove
Res Mariana Is 3000 inds, throughout except Maug, Uracas, but most Rota; Guam 550 inds 1981 but now extirp, Reichel and Glass (1991), Caroline Is (Yap 3000 inds, Gibbs et al 2001);
F: Mariana Is (Saipan: markedly increased in numbers 2002, poss due to reduction hunting pressure, R. David; 1-2 forest near water tank,Talbot; up to 2 daily in flight, S. Smith. Rota: up to 2 daily usually in flight, S. Smith; 1 on road to Rota Resort, Talbot). Caroline Is (Yap: 1-2 Fanif Rd, south of airport, Talbot, S. Smith).
G. stairi Friendly Ground-Dove
G. s. vitiensis Res Fiji, Tonga (Hungas, Late, Fonualei, Watling 2001), Wallis and Futuna (Alofa), ?Kiribati (Gilbert Is: Abemama, int 1940 from Fiji, Amerson 1969, current status unknown, Gibbs et al 2002), ?Marshall Is (Spennemann and Benjamin 2004).
F: Tonga (scarce except Tofua 1995-96, Pac Sci 52:14). Fiji (Taveuni: one forest Qeleni Rd area, T. Clarke; still fairly common locally, Gibbs et al 2001; one on small island off Garden Island Resort Dec, Penhallurick; Lakeba: one heard 1999, 1st rec, Steadman and Franklin 2000; a pr seen and heard in Nadrau area Viti Levu Nov 2004 by Engel and Dutson).
G. s. stairi Res Samoa (Upolu, Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Savaii, Ofu, Olosega, Freifeld et al 2001).
F: Samoa (may be extirpated Upolu and Savaii, Bellingham and Davis 1988; "rarest pigeon in Samoan Islands", Beichle 1991; prefers habitats with sparse, low-growing trees, such as areas with poor quality soils. "able to isolate this pigeon several times in central Upolu", Beichle 1991; above 3500 ft, DuPont 1975; now very rare Samoa, 100 inds on Ofu 1989, Gibbs et al 2001; one seen Nu'utele 1999, Freifeld et al 2001).
G. sanctaecrucis Santa Cruz Ground-Dove
Res Solomon Is (Santa Cruz Is: Tinakula, Utupua), Vanuatu (Espiritu Santo).
F: Solomon Is (Santa Cruz Is: prob very rare if extant, Gibbs et al 2001).
G. ferruginea Tanna Ground-Dove
May have been subsp of G. sanctaecrucis.
Extinct. Formerly Res Vanuatu (Tanna: one specimen).
G. norfolciensis Norfolk Ground-Dove
No specimens extant; described female suggested applicable to Chalcophaps indica (Sibley and Monroe 1990), but bones found recently have been attributed to a species of Gallicolumba (Gibbs et al 2001). See also discussion in Schodde et al (2007) and Christidis and Boles (2008); application has been made to suppress norfolciensis (Schodde et al 2007).
Extinct. Formerly res Norfolk I.
G. salamonis Thick-billed Ground-Dove
Extinct? Formerly res Solomon Is (Malaita, Makira incl Ramos I).
F: Solomon Is (Ramos I: no recs since 1927, Gibbs et al 2001).
G. rubescens Marquesas Ground-Dove
Res Marquesas Is (Fatuhuku small popn, Hatutu 200-250 inds).
G. beccarii Grey-breasted Quail-Dove
G. b. masculinaRes Solomon Is (Nissan, Hadden 2004b).
G. b. intermedia Res w Solomon Is (Bougainville but not Buka, Hadden 2004a, Choiseul, Kolombangara, ?Ghizo, ?New Georgia; no recent recs last two locations, Dutson 2001).
G. b. solomonensis Res e Solomon Is (Gower I off Ndai I, Guadalcanal, Makira, Three Sisters Is, Santa Ana, Rennell, Bellona).
F: Solomon Is (Makira: 1-3 above Hauta, Richards).
G. canifrons Palau Ground-Dove
Res Palau (islands s of Koror incl Peleliu 500 inds, v rare Babeldaob).
F: single flybys Peleliu and Babeldaop, seen well Ulong, Klauber; Peleliu: 2 in flight, Talbot).
Microgoura meeki Choiseul Pigeon
Extinct? Res Solomon Is (Choiseul).
Treron sieboldii Japanese Green Pigeon
T. s. sieboldii Acc Ogasawara Is (Chichijima), Iwo Is (Kitaiwojima).
Ptilinopus tannensis Vanuatu Fruit-Dove
Res Vanuatu incl Banks Is.
F: Santo: hard to see, but relatively common Loru, Aore Island, Ewin).
P. superbus Superb Fruit-Dove
P. s. superbus Res Solomon Is incl Nissan (Tarburton 2006), but not Makira and Ugi Is.
F: Solomon Is (Kolombangara: one between Iriri and Camp Professor, Richards. Bougainville: below 900m, Hadden 1981). Santa Isabel: uncommon Garanga R, Kratter et al 2001).
P. perousii Many-colored Fruit-Dove
P. p. perousii Res Samoa incl Am. Samoa where <50 inds.
F: Samoa (Upolu: Mt Vaea, Lonsdale; Savaii: often seen, Reed 1980).
P. p. mariae Res Tonga (Late, ?Haapai; extirp Eua), Fiji (larger islands only where P. porphyraceus absent, except for Laucala, where both occur, Watling 2001).
F: Fiji (Kadavu: seen, Lonsdale). Viti Levu: many, groups 10 or so, Myers; 45+ Nausori Hglds, Sargeant 1992. Taveuni: seen, Myers). Tonga (scarce except Tofua, Pac Sci 52:14).
P. porphyraceus Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove
P. p. fasciatus Res Samoa (Upolu, Savaii, Tutuila).
F: Samoa (Upolu: Mt Vaea, Vaisigano, Lonsdale; Savaii: fairly common, Reed 1980).
P. p. graeffei Possibly hybrid of porphyraceus and fasciatus. Res Wallis and Futuna (Uvea, Futuna, Alofi), Tonga (Niuafoou, Rinke 1986).
P. p. porphyraceus Res Tonga (except Niuafoou), Fiji (restricted to small islands throughout), Rotuma, Niue.
F: Fiji (Apr Des Voeux, Apr Raintree Lodge, Penhallurick).
P. p. marshallianus Sometimes included in ponapensis or hernsheimi. Extinct. Known from a single specimen collected 1859. Formerly res Marshall Is (Ebon).
P. p. ponapensis Res Caroline Is (Truk, Pohnpei).
F: Caroline Is (Pohnpei: heard continually, often seen, in forest, Lonsdale; up to 10 daily, Talbot. Truk: 3 Japanese Gun Weno, up to 10 Tol South).
P. p. hernsheimi Res Caroline Is (Kosrae).
P. pelewensis Palau Fruit-Dove
Sometimes considered a subspecies within porphyraceus, but see Pratt et al (1980).
Res Palau.
F: Palau (seen Koror, Angaur, Peleliu, de Vries; abund throughout, Engbring 1988).
P. rarotongensis Rarotongan Fruit-Dove
P. r. rarotongensis Res Cook Is (Rarotonga <100 inds 1987, but est 2000-3000 in 1973).
P. r. goodwini Res Cook Is (Atiu, this subsp? extirp Mauke).
F: Cook Is (common, Gibbs et al 2001).
P. roseicapilla Mariana Fruit-Dove
Res Mariana Is 9500 inds (Guam to Saipan).
F: Mariana Is (fairly common Saipan, Tinian, Rota, Klauber; Guam: declining, 240 inds 1981, Gibbs et al 2001. Rota: total of 10 seen, Talbot. Saipan: low nos Marpi Forest, S. Smith; 5 near water tank/suicide cliffs, Talbot. Tinian: 2 near airport, Talbot, S. Smith).
P. regina Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove
P. p. subsp? Acc Norfolk I Sep-Oct 1980 (Hermes; Watola).
P. richardsii Silver-capped Fruit-Dove
P. r. richardsii (=rhodostictus) Res Solomon Is (Santa Ana, Santa Catalina, Ugi Is, Three Sisters Is; cas Makira?).
P. r. cyanopterus Res Solomon Is (Rennell, Bellona).
F: Solomon Is (Rennell: common road to L Tenggano, Richards).
P. greyi Grey's (Red-bellied) Fruit-Dove
Res Solomon Is (Gower I off Ndai I, Santa Cruz Is, Reef Is), Vanuatu, New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is).
F: Vanuatu (common Efate and Santo, Ewin); Loyalty Is (Lifou: relatively common, Quested; common, T. Clarke, Gregory). New Caledonia (not seen Gr Terre, T.Clarke; common Isle Pines, Gregory; poss only seasonal vis, Gibbs et al 2001; several Lifou, Klauber).
P. purpuratus Grey-green Fruit-Dove
P. p. chrysogaster may warrant specific status (Gibbs et al 2001).
P. p. chrysogaster Res Society Is (Bora Bora 50 inds, Huahine, Raiatea, Tahaa 500 inds, Maupiti 100 inds).
F: Society Is (fairly common Huahine, Raiatea, Gibbs et al 2001).
P. p. frater Res Society Is (Moorea 5000-6000 inds).
P. p. purpuratus Res Society Is (Tahiti).
P. chalcurus Makatea Fruit-Dove
Res Tuamotu Arch (Makatea I 1000 inds).
P. coralensis Atoll Fruit-Dove
Res Tuamotu Arch (except Makatea I; extirpated Gambier Is (Mangareva).
P. huttoni Rapa Island Fruit-Dove
Res Tubuai Is (Rapa I 30-274 inds).
P. dupetithouarsii White-capped Fruit-Dove
P. d. viridior Res n Marquesas Is (Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Ua Pu).
F: Marquesas Is (common, Gibbs et al 2001).
P. d. dupetithouarsii Res s Marquesas Is (Hiva Oa, Tahuata, Mohotani 200-300 inds, Fatuhiva).
F: Marquesas Is (common Gibbs et al 2001).
P. mercierii Red-moustached Fruit-Dove
P. m. mercierii Extinct? Formerly res Marquesas Is (Nukuhiva).
P. m. tristrami Extinct? Formerly res Marquesas Is (Hiva Oa).
P. insularis Henderson Island Fruit-Dove
Res Pitcairn Is (Henderson I 3140-4000 inds).
P. solomonensis Yellow-bibbed Fruit-Dove
P. s. neumanni Res Solomon Is (Nissan, Pinipel, Tarburton 2006).
F: Nissan: common (Hadden 2004b).
P. s. bistictus Res Solomon Is (Buka, Bougainville, Shortland Is).
F: Solomon Is (Buka: fairly common above 800m, Hadden 1981).
P. s. vulcanorum Res Solomon Is (Vella Lavella, Ganongga, Kohinggo, New Georgia, Vangunu, Ngatokae, Kolombangara, Rendova.
F: Solomon Is (Kolombangara: 2, Hornbuckle 1999).
P. s. ocularis Res Solomon Is (Guadalcanal).
P. s. ambiguus Res Solomon Is (Malaita).
P. s. solomonensis Res Solomon Is (Makira, Ugi, Three Sisters Is).
F: Solomon Is (Makira: fairly common Kirakira and Hauta, Richards).
P. viridis Red-bibbed Fruit-Dove
P. v. lewisii Res Solomon Is (Buka and Bougainville e to Guadalcanal and Malaita, except Makira and Ramos I; reports from Nissan considered incorrect, Hadden 2004b).
F: Solomon Is (Guadalcanal: fairly common Mt Austen, Richards. Ghizo: 4 near Gizo, Richards. Santa Isabel: common Garanga R, Kratter et al 2001; Florida Is: Mana I, Talbot).
P. eugeniae White-headed Fruit-Dove
Sometimes considered conspecific with P. viridis.
Res Solomon Is (Makira, Ugi Is, Three Sisters Is, Santa, Santa Catalina.
F: Solomon Is (Makira: several near Hauta, Richards).
P. victor Orange Dove
P. v. victor Res Fiji (Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Kioa, Rabi).
F: Fiji (Taveuni: 2 on Des Voeux Peak, 5 lower Taveuni, Myers; 3 mid-high elev transmitter rd, Sargeant 1992; seen easily Des Voeux and Qeleni Rd, T. Clarke).
P. v. aureus Res Fiji (Qamea, Laucala-are intermediate, poss closer to aureus Gibbs et al 2001, Matagi).
P. luteovirens Golden Dove
Res Fiji (Viti Levu, Ovalau, Beqa, Weya Group, Gau).
F: Fiji (Viti Levu: common Joske's Thumb and Wailoku, Lonsdale; number seen Nausori Hglds, Myers; 4 Nausori Hglds, one Joske's Thumb, Sargeant 1992).
P. layardi Whistling (Yellow-headed) Dove
Res Fiji (Kadavu, Ono; est 10,000 inds, Masibalavu and Dutson 2006).
F: Fiji (Kadavu: "the only technique that worked for me was careful branch- by-branch binocular scan of trees that emanated loud whistles", Lonsdale; after much searching, Myers; across the water from Reece's Resort, Levine; forest w of Vunisea, T. Clarke).
Drepanoptila holosericea Cloven-feathered Dove
Res New Caledonia (Grande Terre, ?Ile des Pins, Barre and Dutson 2000).
F: New Caledonia (Mt Koghi and PTRB, Quested; 3 Mt Koghi, 1-3 PTRB, Fairbank; Mt Koghi, PTRB, Col d'Amieu, T.Clarke; seen upper tributary of Hienghene R, Stokes 1980; "a tough one"- several Mt Koghi, Col d'Amieux, Klauber).
Ducula pacifica Pacific Pigeon
Current opinion separates this species into only 2 subspecies, western D. p. sejuncta, found north of Papua New Guinea, and D. p. pacifica, which occupies the remainder of the range (Gibbs et al 2001; Bregulla 1992). Thus subspecies listed below may be based only on individual variation (Gibbs et al 2001).
D. p. tarrali Res Vanuatu.
F: common Efate and Santo, Ewin).
D. p. pacifica Res Solomon Is (Rennell, Bellona, Florida Is incl Buena Vista, Savo, Three Sisters Is, Nissan, Nukumanu, Sikaiana, Ontong Java, Gower I off Ndai I, Ramos I off Makira, Santa Cruz Is), Tuvalu, Kiribati (Phoenix Is), Wallis and Futuna, Tokelau, Tonga (incl Niuafoou, Rinke 1986), Cook Is (Pukapuka, Palmerston, Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke, Rarotonga, Holyoak 1980), Niue. Vis New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is: Lifou, Ouvea, ?Walpole, Barre and Dutson 2000).
F: Solomon Is (Rennell: seen daily, total 15, Richards); Cook Is (common most islands, Holyoak 1980); New Caledonia and Loyalty Is (rare visitor, Barre and Dutson 2000).
D. p. intensitincta Res Fiji (except Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Kadavu).
D. p. microcera Res Samoa.
F: Samoa (Tutuila, Lonsdale. Savaii: wet higher forests, not plentiful, Reed 1980; much less numerous Upolu than Savaii, Beichle 1991).
D. oceanica Micronesian Pigeon
D. o. monacha May not be separable from teraokai. Res Caroline Is (Yap), Palau (Babelthuap, Koror, Rock Is, Angaur), Nauru (75-100 inds, Buden 2008; Engbring et al 1990).
F: Palau (seen, de Vries; all major islands, abund Babelduab, but rare Peleliu, Engbring 1988; Rock Islands Preserve, Watson). Caroline Is (Yap: 2 forest n of sports center, S. Smith; up to 4 forest Fanif Rd, Talbot).
D. o. teraokai Res Caroline Is (Truk: Tol, Moen, Satawan Atoll (Buden 2006); extirpated? Lukunor (Buden 2006), Nukuoro, Moen).
D. o. townsendi Res Caroline Is (Pohnpei).
F: Caroline Is (Pohnpei: 1 in fern forest, Talbot).
D. o. oceanica Res Caroline Is (Kosrae), Marshall Is (Jaluit, Ailinglaplap, Gibbs et al 2001), ?Kiribati (Gilbert Is: Kuria, Aranuka, Gibbs et al 2002).
D. o. ratakensis
Smaller, but may not be distinguishable from oceanica (Gibbs et al 2001), especially as there have probably been introductions or escapes of oceanica (pers. comm. Michael Trevor).
Res Marshall Is (Arno, Wotje, Majuro where 9 birds early 1990s to 30 in 2008 pers. comm. M. Trevor).
D. aurorae Polynesian Pigeon
D. a. aurorae Res Tuamotu Arch (Makatea 100-150 inds).
D. a. wilkesii Res Society Is (Tahiti 10 inds, extirp Moorea).
F: Society Is (occurs Papenoo Region on Tahiti, Thibault et al 1975).
D. galeata Nukuhiva Pigeon
Res Marquesas Is (Nukuhiva 140 inds, Forest and Bird Aug 2005). Reint Ua Huka 18 inds (Blanvillain and Thorsen 2003, Forest and Bird Aug 2005).
F: Marquesas Is (Nukuhiva: above 2000 ft, duPont 1976; wooded valleys above 200 ft western Nuku Hiva, Chester et al 1998).
D. rubricera Red-knobbed Pigeon
D. r. rufigula Res Solomon Is incl Buka and Bougainville except Rennell, Santa Cruz Is.
F: Solomon Is (Guadalcanal: fairly common Mt Austen, Richards; Kolombangara: several lower slopes Mt Veve, Richards; Makira: fairly common around Hauta, Richards; New Georgia Is: Uepi, Talbot).
D. pistrinaria Island Pigeon
D. p. pistrinaria Res Solomon Is (Nissan, Buka, Bougainville, but not Rennell, Gower= I off Ndai I, Ontong Java, Bellona, Santa Cruz Is.
F: Solomon Is (Bougainville: common up to 300m, Hadden 1981; Florida Is: Mana I, Talbot).
D. latrans Peale's (Barking) Pigeon
Res Fiji (except smaller islands, but present Vatulele, n Lau Arch; extirp Lomaiviti, the only site of occurrence known in s Lau Arch, Watling 2001).
F: Fiji (Kadavu, Lonsdale). Common all islands, Myers).
D. brenchleyi Chestnut-bellied Pigeon
Res Solomon Is (Guadalcanal, Makira and offshore islets, Malaita).
F: Solomon Is (Makira: 6 below Hauta in fruiting trees, Richards; common above Hauta, Hornbuckle; declining, Gibbs et al 2001; Guadalcanal: Very rare, Gibbs et al 2001; Malaita, Gibbs et al 2001).
D. bakeri Baker's Pigeon
Res n Vanuatu <10,000 inds incl Banks Is and s to Ambrym but not Malekula.
D. goliath New Caledonia Pigeon
Res New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Ile des Pins).
F: New Caledonia (PTRB, Quested; 3-6 PTRB, 2 Mt Koghi, Fairbank; fairly common forested areas, T. Clarke).
D. spilorrhoa Torresian Pigeon
Some authors consider this a subspecies of D. bicolor Pied Imperial-Pigeon (Gibbs et al 2001; Christidis and Boles 2008). Within spilorrhoa, Australian birds have been separated (doubtfully? HANZAB) from those of New Guinea as melvillensis.
D. s. melvillensis Acc Lord Howe I (2 recs, McAllan et al 2004; HANZAB).
Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae New Zealand Pigeon
HANZAB recommended this and the following two taxa be treated as separate species based on allopatric distributions and differences in ecology and morphology; see also Millener and Powlesland (2001). Christidis and Boles (2008) noted that a good case for species status for spadicea has yet to be made, however. A humerus from Raoul Island was recently shown to be indistinguishable from H. novaeseelandiae (Worthy and Brassey 2000).
Res NZ (NI incl offshore is, SI, Stewart I). Extirpated Kermadec Is (Raoul I, Veitch et al 2004).
H. chathamensis Chatham Island Pigeon
Res Chatham Is (Chatham I 150+ inds, Aikman and Miskelly 2004, Flux et al 2001; reint Rangatira/South East I, 2 inds, Pitt a few inds, Aikman and Miskelly 2004).
H. spadicea Norfolk Island Pigeon
Extinct. Res formerly Norfolk I.
Gymnophaps solomonensis Pale Mountain-Pigeon
Res Solomon Is (Bougainville, Kolombangara, Vanggunu, Guadalcanal, Malaita).
F: Solomon Is (Kolombangara: 15 near Camp Professor, Richards).