GRUIDAE (2 species)

Grus rubicunda Brolga
Acc NZ (Mar-May NI, Jan SI).
G. canadensis Sandhill Crane
G. c. subsp.? Acc Hawaiian Is (Scott et al 2001).


RALLIDAE (47 species)

Rallina fasciata Red-legged Crake
Acc Palau (Engbring 1988, Taylor 1998, Baker 1951).
R. eurizonoides Slaty-legged Crake
R. e. eurizonoides Res Palau (all islands Babeldaob to Angaur, Engbring 1988).
F: Palau (dense cover near humans, damp areas in forests, sometimes calls from trees, Engbring 1988; taped out on Pacific Resort nature trail, Klauber, D. Pratt).
Laterallus albigularis White-throated Crake
Acc Cocos I (Montoya 2003).
L. spilonotus Galapagos Rail
Res Galapagos Is (Pinta, Isabela, Fernandina, Santiago, Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, Floreana).
Nesoclopeus woodfordi Woodford's Rail
N. w. tertius Res Solomon Is (Buka, Bougainville,Hadden 2004a).
F: Solomon Is (Bougainville: common eastern lowlands, Hadden 2002, 2004).
N. w. immaculatus Res Solomon Is (Santa Isabel).
F: Solomon Is (Santa Isabel: common along Garanga R, Kratter et al 2001).
N. w. woodfordi Extinct? Res Solomon Is (Guadalcanal).
N. w. subsp? Res? Solomon Is (Choiseul: Taylor 1998; New Georgia Is: Blaber 1990; Kolombangara: Hadden 2002; Malaita: Hadden 2002).
N. poecilopterus Barred-winged Rail
Sometimes considered conspecific with N. woodfordi as N. poecilopterus Barred-winged Rail.
Extinct? Res Fiji (formerly Viti Levu, Ovalau, Taveuni).
Gallirallus australis Weka
Total population 25,000-100,000 (Taylor 1998).
G. a. greyi Res NZ (NI 650 inds, now restricted to East Cape, Forest and Bird, Aug 2000). Int Kapiti I (where pop mixed greyi and australis), Mokoia I 100 inds, Rakitu I 135 inds, Kawau I 3700 inds, Pakatoa I 80 inds, Whanganui I 28-40 inds .
G. a. australis Res NZ (n and w SI). Int Kapiti I, Chatham Is.
G. a. hectori DNA studies indicate this is a color phase of G. a. australis. Res formerly e SI, now extirpated. Int Chatham Is (Chatham I 38,000-58,000 inds, Pitt I); re-int 2005 SI (14 inds, Christchurch area).
G. a. scotti Res NZ (Stewart Is. Int Solander Is, Kapiti I), Macquarie I (extirpated by 1988).
G. lefresnayanus New Caledonian Rail
Extinct? Res New Caledonia (Grande Terre).
F: New Caledonia (may still exist in small numbers, Stokes 1980; none found 1998, most likely in steep mountain areas that still have Kagu, Ekstrom et al 2002).
G. sylvestris Lord Howe Rail
Includes G. conditicius Gilbert Rail, the single specimen probably an immature of this species (Taylor 1998).
Res Lord Howe I 250 inds (2005, Gregory).
F: Lord Howe I (readily seen, Quested; seen Kentia Palm-banyan habitat Little Island area of Mt Lidgbird, attracted by clapping, Bielewicz; ripping up grass on golfcourse, Jordan; grove of palms just before Little I, Walker).
G. pacificus Tahiti Rail
Extinct. Res formerly Society Is (Tahiti, Mehetia).
G. philippensis Buff-banded Rail
G. p. pelewensis Res Palau.
F: Palau (seen Peleliu and Angaur, de Vries; throughout except high limestone islands, abund Peleliu and Angaur, Engbring 1988).
G. p. christophori Res Solomon Is (?Florida, Guadalcanal, Russell Is: Mbanika, Malaita, Makira, Ugi Is, Three Sisters Is, Santa Ana, Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz Is: Nendo, Dutson 2001, Mayr and Diamond 2001).
F: Solomon Is (Makira: common morning and evening road east of Kirakira, Richards; 2-5 lowlands, Hornbuckle 1999); Guadalcanal: 1+ Mt Austen, Hornbuckle 1999).
G. p. sethsmithi Res Vanuatu, Fiji except Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, Rotuma, Tuvalu (this subsp? Watling 2001).
F: Vanuatu (common Efate, Santo, Ewin); Fiji (Kadavu: only place seen, T. Clarke).
G. p. swindellsi Res New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is).
F: New Caledonia (PTRB, Mt Koghi, Quested), Loyalty Is (Lifou, Quested).
G. p. goodsoni Res Samoa, Niue (Schodde and de Naurois 1982).
F: Samoa (Mt Vaea, Vaisigano, Lonsdale; Savaii: in open, Reed 1980).
G. p. ecaudatus (=forsteri) Res Tonga (incl Niuafoou, Rinke 1986), Wallis and Futuna (Taylor 1998).
G. p. mellori (incl norfolkensis; Res Lord Howe I; ?Norfolk I, where only one breeding record 1910 mostly thought to be visitors from Australia, Dickinson 2003, Christian 2005). This subsp.? extirp Kermadec Is (Raoul, Veitch et al 2004).
F: Lord Howe I (seen, Quested, Bielewicz; common Mar incl chick, Gregory). Norfolk I (heard Cockpit Feb, Moore 1999).
G. p. tounelieri Res New Caledonia Coral Sea Is (Chesterfield Is, Willis Is, Surprise Is, Schodde and de Naurois 1982, Barre and Dutson 2000; considered doubtfully distinct in HANZAB).
G. p. assimilis Res NZ (NI, SI, Stewart I), Auckland Is.
G. p. macquariensis
Considered a full species by some authors.
Extinct. Res formerly Macquarie I.
G. rovianae Roviana Rail
Distinctive form on Kolombangara appears to be a separate, undescribed, subspecies (Taylor 1998).
Res Solomon Is (Kolombangara; New Georgia Is: New Georgia, Rendova, Kohinggo, Vonavona, Diamond 1991).
F: Solomon Is (Kolombangara: 3 at Kukundu Guest House, 2 airstrip morning and evening, Richards).
G. owstoni Guam Rail
Res Mariana Is (Guam, where extirpated ca 1986, but reint 50 inds Anderson Air Force Base 2003; int Rota).
F: seen 3 occasions Apr 2004 near Rota seabird colony, Klauber.)
G. wakensis Wake Rail
Extinct. Res formerly Wake I.
G. dieffenbachii Dieffenbach's Rail
That this taxon is a good species is established by Worthy and Holdaway (2002).
Extinct. Res formerly Chatham Is.
Cabalus modestus Chatham Rail
This species is often included in Gallirallus; recent studies indicate that it is a Gallirallus derivative (Trewick 1997). Features such as sexually dimorphic bill size are suggestive of differentiation at the generic level.
Extinct. Res formerly Chatham Is.
Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Hawkins's Rail
Evidence that this species may have survived into historic times is given in Cooper and Tennyson (2004).
Extinct. Formerly res Chatham Is (Chatham, Pitt).
Rallus limicola Virginia Rail
R. l. subsp? Acc Clipperton I.
Lewinia muelleri Auckland Rail
Sometimes considered a subspecies of L. pectoralis Lewin's Rail (Taylor 1998). Sometimes placed in genus Dryolimnas.
Res Auckland Is (Adams I 1500 inds, Disappointment I "several hundred" inds).
Amaurornis moluccana Rufous-tailed Bush-Hen
Sometimes considered conspecific with A. olivacea (Taylor 1998; Mayr and Diamond 2001). That Amaurornis is feminine is discussed by David and Gosselin (2002a); phoenicurus, however, is invariable.
A. m. nigrifrons Solomon Is (res central islands except where ultima occurs, incl Bougainville, Choiseul, Malaita, Guadalcanal, New Georgia Is, Santa Isabel, Kratter et al 2001).
F: Solomon Is (Santa Isabel: rare Garanga R, Kratter et al 2001; Bougainville: heard Arawa area, Gregory; Kolombangara; Malaita: 2 (this subsp?) Hornbuckle).
A. m. ultima Res Solomon Is (Makira, Ugi Is, Santa Ana, Santa Catalina, Gower I off Ndai I, Mayr and Diamond 2001).
A. olivacea Plain Bush-Hen
A. o. subsp? Acc Palau (May Pulo Anna).
A. phoenicurus White-breasted Water-Hen
A. p. phoenicurus Acc Ogasawara Is (Jan Hahajima).
Porzana pusilla Baillon's (Marsh) Crake
P. p. pusilla Res Iwo Is (Kitaiwojima, Taylor 1998).
P. p. affinis Res NZ (NI, Little Barrier I, SI, Stewart I), Chatham Is (vagrant? record 1997 first since 1872, Miskelly et al 2006). Acc New Caledonia (Grande Terre; old specimen confirmed as this subspecies, Barre and Dutson 2000).
P. p. palustris Cas Lord Howe I (this subsp 4 recs, McAllan et al 2004, but see under P. p. affinis for vagrancy to New Caledonia). Acc Feb Macquarie I (this subsp, HANZAB).
P. carolina Sora
Cas Galapagos Is (Marchena, Genovesa, San Salvador). Acc Clipperton I, Hawaiian Is (Sep Hawaii, Pyle 2002).
P. fusca Ruddy-breasted Crake
P. f. erythrothorax Vis May-Oct Iwo Is (Taylor 1998).
P. tabuensis Spotless Crake
P. t. tabuensis Res Caroline Is (Kosrae), Solomon Is (Guadalcanal, Makira, Rennell, Mayr and Diamond 2001, Dutson 2001; possible throughout? Doughty 1999), Santa Cruz Is, Vanuatu, New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is), Fiji (Viti Levu, Taveuni, Ovalau, Onoilau, Gau, Kadavu), Samoa (Savaii, Tau), Tonga (incl Niuafoou, Rinke 1986), Niue (not seen since 1969, Powlesland et al 2000), Cook Is (Mangaia, Mitiaro, Atiu), Tuamotu Arch, Society Is (Tahiti, Moorea, Raiatea), Marquesas Is, Tubuai Is (Tubuai, Rapa), Pitcairn Is (Oeno I, ?Ducie I).
F: Samoa (heard Vaivai Crater, rare, Bellingham and Davies 1988).
P. t. plumbea (may not be separable from tabuensis, Onley 1982). Res Kermadec Is (Meyer 40 inds, extirp Raoul, Veitch et al 2004), ?Norfolk I 2 recs since breeding rec 1908 (Christian 2005), NZ (NI,Three Kings Is, Poor Knights Is, Mayor I, SI, Stewart I), Chatham Is (may only be vagrant, Miskelly et al 2006).
P. monasa Kosrae Crake
Extinct. Res formerly Caroline Is (Kosrae, 2 specimens).
P. atra Henderson Crake
Res Pitcairn Is (Henderson I 6200 inds).
P. sandwichensis Hawaiian Crake
Extinct. Res formerly Hawaiian Is (Hawaii, ?Molokai).
P. cinerea White-browed Crake
Some authors place in genus Poliolimnas. Subspecies are not well-defined (Taylor 1998).
P. c. brevipes Extinct; formery res Iwo Is (Minamiiwojima, Iwojima, Taylor 1998).
P. c. micronesiae Res Palau (Babeldaob, Koror, Peleliu, Angaur), Caroline Is (Yap, Truk, Pohnpei), Mariana Is (Guam only, where now extirp). Acc Marshall Is (Bikini, Amerson 1969).
F: Caroline Is (Pohnpei: prob unc res low wetlands, Buden 2000); Palau (wet areas, Engbring 1988; ponds north and west of airport Peleliu, Klauber); Yap (pond between new road and WWII airport at Gilman village, Watson).
P. c. leucophrys Res Solomon Is (Buka, Bougainville, Guadalcanal, Makira, Three Sisters Is, Mayr and Diamond 2001, Dutson 2001).
P. c. tannensis Res Vanuatu, New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is), Fiji (Gau, Ovalau, Viti Levu), Samoa (Savaii, Upolu, ?Manua Is, ?Tutuila, Watling 2001).
F: Samoa (Savaii: uncommon, swamps, Reed 1980). Buka (common Jaba Delta etc, Hadden 1981). New Caledonia: very rare, in Loyalty Is only on Lifou? Barre and Dutson 2000).
P. palmeri Laysan Crake
Extinct. Res Hawaiian Is (Formerly Laysan I. Int Midway Is: Eastern, Sand, but now extirpated.)
Neocrex erythrops Paint-billed Crake
N. e. erythrops Res Galapagos Is (Santa Cruz, Santa Maria, ?San Cristobal, ?Isabela; acc Tower I).
F: Galapagos Is (Santa Cruz: one seen near Santa Rosa, Chartier).
Pardirallus maculatus Spotted Rail
P. m. maculatus? Acc Juan Fernandez Is (Remsen and Parker 1990).
Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen
Recent studies (see Trewick 1997 and Taylor 1998) suggest that the taxa listed here comprise a separate species P. melanotus Australian Swamphen. Although there are significant mensural differences among the various populations (HANZAB; Filardi et al 1999), the taxa listed below (except for pelewensis) are sometimes combined as samoensis.
P. p. pelewensis Res Palau (Babeldaob, Koror, Peleliu, Angaur).
F: Babeldaob: swampy area on dirt road north, sw of airport, Klauber).
P. p. subsp? Res Solomon Is incl Santa Cruz Is and Duff Is (Dutson 2001); old report Ontong Java (Mayr 1945) prob vagrant as no longer present (Hadden 2004b).
F: Solomon Is (Rennell: 4 L Tenggano, Richards; Santa Isabel: common Garanga R, Kratter et al 2001; Buka and Bougainville: common, Hadden 2004a).
P. p. aneiteumensis Res Vanuatu incl Banks Is.
P. p. caledonicus Res New Caledonia (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is).
F: New Caledonia (PTRB, Quested, 3 near Tontouta airport, Gregory). Loyalty Is (common Ouvea, very rare Lifou and Mare, Barre and Dutson 2000).
P. p. samoensis Res Samoa.
F: Samoa (Savaii: scattered, Reed 1980).
P. p. vitiensis Res Fiji except Vanua Levu and Viti Levu, Rotuma, Tonga (incl Niuafoou, Rinke 1986), Niue.
P. p. melanotus Res Norfolk I 40-50 inds, Lord Howe I 50 inds (McAllan et al 2004), Kermadec Is (Raoul <50 prs, Veitch et al 2004), NZ pop 600,000 inds, HANZAB (NI, SI, Stewart I). Cas Campbell I.
F: Lord Howe I (11 seen golf course and Old Settlement Mar 2005, Gregory); Norfolk I (common Kingston Marshes, Duranti; small nos Kingston Common, Chapel Swamp, R. Clarke; 20+ Kingston Common, Hobcroft).
P. p. chathamensis (doubtfully separable from melanotus, HANZAB) Res Chatham Is (Chatham I, Pitt I).
P. p. (subsp.?) A report of two (now lost) specimens of Porphyrio sp. from Society Is (Raiatea), is the only report from that island group (Holyoak and Thibault 1984).
P. albus Lord Howe (White) Swamphen
Extinct. Formerly res Lord Howe I.
P. mantelli North Island Takahe
The case for specific status of this taxon and the next (and survival of the former into historic times) is outlined by Worthy and Holdaway (2002); the taxa are very different and appear to be derived from separate invasions of New Zealand by a proto-Porphyrio (Trewick 1996).
Extinct. Formerly res NZ (NI).
P. hochstetteri South Island Takahe
Res NZ (SI 171 inds, Forest and Bird Aug 2005). Int total 114 inds (Forest and Bird Aug 2005) Tiritiri Matangi I, Kapiti I, Mana I, Maud I.
P. martinica American Purple-Gallinule
Included in Porphyrio by recent authors (AOU 2002).
Cas Feb Galapagos Is. Acc Clipperton I, Cocos I (Montoya 2003).
Gallicrex cinerea Watercock
Vis mostly Sep-mid Jan Iwo Is (Taylor 1998). Acc Iwo Is (Kitaiwojima, Brazil 1991), Palau (?Pratt et al 1987).
Pareudiastes pacifica Samoan Moorhen
This species and the next are sometimes included in Gallinula, but skeletal characters suggest separation (Taylor 1998).
Extinct? Res Samoa (Savaii).
F: Samoa (Savaii: two possible sightings 1 km west of Mt Elietoga Aug 1984 while on traverse from end of Asau forestry road towards Mt Silisili in upland forest, Bellingham and Davis 1988; also On 5 October 2003, Dion Hobcroft was leading a Victor Emanuel Nature Tour group of seven participants on the Samoan island of Savaii. The group were making their way along a narrow forest trail on Mount Sili Sili, accessed via Aopo Village. Just below an altitude of 1,000 metres, a distinctive low deep gulping call, described as "ooh-ooh-ooh", was heard. Less than five feet from the group, two medium-sized all dark, blackish forest rails were flushed. Only Dion Hobcroft and one other member of the group briefly saw the birds as they ran quickly off, Birdlife International).
P. silvestris San Cristobal Moorhen
Extinct? Res Solomon Is (Makira).
Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen
G. c. indica Vis Ogasawara Is (Chichijima, Hahajima).
G. c. orientalis Res Palau (Angaur, Peleliu; extirp Koror, Babelthuap, Pratt et al 1980), Caroline Is (Yap, Wiles et al 2000, Clements 2003).
F: Palau (Angaur: seen Dec, de Vries; freshwater ponds Angaur, Engbring 1988; Peleliu: 3 seen, S. Smith; 2 small pool n end, Talbot).
G. c. guami Res 180-445 inds Mariana Is (Guam 90, Saipan 154, Tinian 41, Rota 2, extirp Pagan, Takano and Haig 2004).
F: Mariana Is (Guam: Fena Res, Takano and Haig 2004; Saipan: appears to be increasing in 2002 due to wetland construction on new golf courses, R. David; 5 seen old water tank Div Fish and Wildlife, Gorapan, S. Smith).
G. c. sandvicensis Res Hawaiian Is (Kauai, Oahu, reint Molokai).
F: Hawaiian Is (Kauai: Hanalei NWR, Wailua Flats; Oahu: Kawainui Marsh, Campbell NWR, Waialua Lotus Ponds; Molokai: Kakahaia NWR, Pratt 1993).
G. c. cachinnans Res Galapagos Is, Clipperton I. Acc Cocos I (Montoya 2003).
F: Galapagos Is (Isabela: 25 only at Puerto Villamil; San Cristobal: Lago Junco, Chartier).
G. tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen
G. t. tenebrosa Res (self-int) New Caledonia (Grande Terre). Acc Lord Howe I (2 recs Apr, McAllan et al 2004), NZ ( Aug-Oct, and Feb 2005 SI).
G. ventralis Black-tailed Native-Hen
Cas NZ (NI, SI).
Fulica atra Common Coot
F. a. atra Cas Nov-Mar Ogasawara Is, Iwo Is, Mariana Is Guam, Tinian, Reichel and Glass 1991).
F. a. australis Res 1655-1955 inds NZ (NI, SI). Cas Lord Howe I (4 recs, McAllan et al 2004). Acc May-Jul Norfolk I, May-Oct Macquarie I.
F. alai Hawaiian Coot
Res 2000-4000 inds main Hawaiian Is except Lanai. Cas w Hawaiian Is.
F: Hawaiian Is (same places as Common Moorhen; Maui: Kanaha Ponds, Kealia Ponds; Hawaii: Hilo Ponds, Mana Rd Pond, Aimakapa Pond, Pratt 1993).
F. americana American Coot
F. a. americana Res Clipperton I. Acc Revillagigedo Is, Cocos I (Montoya 2003). Several reports Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is, but ID unproven (Pyle, post to Hawaiibirding Sep 2006).
F. leucoptera White-winged Coot
Acc Juan Fernandez Is (Nov Mas Atierra, Honeyman, http://www.avesdechile.cl/avista2.htm).


BURHINIDAE (1 species)

Esacus magnirostris (=neglectus, giganteus) Beach Thick-Knee
Christidis and Boles (2008) discussed the correct name of this species.
Res Solomon Is, New Caledonia (Grande Terre), Vanuatu.
F: Solomon Is (Buka and Bougainville: essentially all on offshore atolls, Hadden 2004a; Vella Lavella; Kolombangara: Kukudu, Hornbuckle; New Georgia Is: Uepi, Talbot); New Caledonia (rare, Grande Terre, Barre and Dutson 2000).


HAEMATOPODIDAE (6 species)

Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian Oystercatcher
H. o. osculans Cas Ogasawara Is, Iwo Is. Acc Mariana Is (Guam, Reichel and Glass 1991).
H. finschi South Island Pied Oystercatcher
Treatment of finschi as an allospecies of H. ostralegus and of longirostris and unicolor as allospecies of each other (Sibley and Monroe 1990) appears logical, based on appearance and behavior. Data in Baker (1977; see Christidis and Boles 1994) suggest that longirostris and unicolor are more closely related to palliatus than to the ostralegus group.
In recent years this species has begun breeding in east coast South Island sand dunes with unicolor, resulting in hybrids and backcrosses, which resemble finschi but with smudgier features (Crocker, post to BIRDING-NZ).
Records from Lord Howe I and Norfolk I previously attributed to H. longirostris Australian Pied Oystercatcher now are more likely this species based on accumulating evidence (McAllan et al 2004).
Res total pop 130,000 inds NZ (NI, SI). Cas Feb-Sep Lord Howe I (5 recs, McAllan et al 2004), Jul-Sep Norfolk I, Kermadec Is (Feb-May, prob "finschii", Veitch et al 2004). Acc Sep Vanuatu, Sep-Oct New Caledonia (photo Barre and Bachy 2003), Chatham Is, Dec-Feb Snares Is (Miskelly et al 2001), Campbell I (Heather and Robertson 1996, but not listed OSNZ).
H. palliatus American Oystercatcher
This taxon, considered by Sibley and Monroe (1990) to include the birds of the Galapagos Is, is treated as an allospecies of H. ostralegus by Sibley and Monroe (1990).
H. p. galapagensis Res Galapagos Is 100 prs.
F: Galapagos Is (Santiago: pr with young Puerto Egas; also Fernandina, Isabela, Espanola, Chartier).
H. fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher
The record cited below is considered more likely this species, which has demonstrated ability to wander, rather than sedentary H. unicolor Variable Oystercatcher (McAllan et al 2004).
Acc Mar Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004).
H. unicolor Variable Oystercatcher
Res NZ (NI 2700 inds, SI 1150 inds, Stewart I 150 inds).
H. chathamensis Chatham Oystercatcher
Treatment as an allospecies of H. unicolor where black form has been lost seems logical, although considered full species by OSNZ and other authors.
Res Chatham Is 290 inds (Chatham, Pitt, Rangatira, Mangere, ?Star Keys, Aikman and Miskelly 2004).


RECURVIROSTRIDAE (7 species)

Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt
Many authors (Hayman et al 1986; HANZAB; Christidis and Boles 2008) consider himantopus, mexicanus, knudseni, and leucocephalus subspecies of himantopus.
H. h. himantopus Vis Mariana Is (D. Pratt, Wiles et al 2000), Caroline Is (Yap, Clements 2003). Cas Ogasawara Is, Palau. Acc Iwo Is (Iwojima), ?Marshall Is (Spennemann and Benjamin 2004), Hawaiian Is (May Kure I).
F: Palau (Peleliu: 3 small pool n end, Dec, Talbot).
H. mexicanus Black-necked Stilt
Res Galapagos Is. Acc Revillagigedo Is.
F: Galapagos Is (Isabela: 38 mostly at Puerto Villamil; San Cristobal: Lago de Junco, Chartier).
H. knudseni Hawaiian Stilt
Considered by some authors conspecific with H. mexicanus Black-necked Stilt.
Res Hawaiian Is except Lanai.
F: Hawaiian Is (Oahu: Amorient Aquafarm; Kauai: Hanalei, Hanapepe Salt Pans; Mauai: Kanaha Pond, Pratt 1993).
H. leucocephalus White-headed (Pied) Stilt
Considered by some authors conspecific with H. himantopus. Most NZ birds show plumage and structural effects of introgression with H. novaezealandiae Black Stilt (HANZAB).
Res total pop 30,000 inds NZ (NI, SI, Stewart I), Chatham Is (Chatham: breeding since 1961, Aikman and Miskelly 2004). Cas Nov-Sep Norfolk I (Moore 1999), incl poss hybrid with Black Stilt Sep 2006 (Christian). Acc Lord Howe I (McAllan et al 2004), Bounty Is, Apr-May Macquarie I.
H. novaezelandiae Black Stilt
Res NZ (SI 119 inds, 47 of which in captivity, Heather and Robertson 1996; only 8 prs breeding in the wild Jan 2002, P. Seddon; res formerly NI; vis Jan-Aug NI.
Recurvirostra americana American Avocet
Acc Hawaii (Sep Oahu).
R. novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet
Cas NZ (SI). Acc Norfolk I (early 1854, Moore 1999).